How State and Protester Violence Affect Protest Dynamics

How do state and protester violence affect whether protests grow or shrink? Previous research finds conflicting results for how affects protest dynamics. This article argues that expectations emotions should generate an n-shaped relationship between the severity of repression changes in size next day. Protester reduce appeal protesting increase expected cost protesting, decreasing subsequent size. Since testing this argument requires precise measurements, a pipeline is built applies convolutional neural networks to images shared geolocated tweets. Continuously valued estimates are generated per city-day 24 cities across five countries, as age gender protesters. The suggest solution repression-dissent puzzle join growing body benefiting from use social media understand subnational conflict.